Overview

Iiwi: Vibrant red plumage overall with black wings and tail. Wings show contrasting white patch on inner secondaries. Salmon-colored bill is long and decurved. Undulating flight, alternates several rapid wing beats with wings pulled to sides. Wings produce a characteristic whirring noise in flight.

Iiwi: Large colonies exist on the islands of Hawaii, Maui, and Kauai, comon in wet forests at hight elevations. There are less than 50 individuals on the lower elevation islands of Oahu and Molokai, and they are now extinct on Lanai. Prefers to keep hidden among the leaves.

Voice Text

"chu-weet"

• The feathers of the Iiwi were used by Native Hawaiians to create robes for nobility, giving rise to its scientific name, vestiaria, from the latin word for clothing, and coccinea, scarlet-colored. The juveniles were once thought to be a different species because of their golden plumage and ivory bills.
• Over the past 100 years, its bill length has shrunk by .5mm, this may reflect its diet of shorter flowers such as from the 'ohia tree, instead of the longer curved lobelioid flowers which have become endangered.
• This honeycreeper is a member of the Finch rather than the Tanager family, where honeycreepers found in Central and South America are currently placed. Its subfamily, Drepanidinae was formerly considered a family, has become a subfamily of the Fringillidae family due to advances in molecular studies.
• A group of honeycreepers are collectively known as a "hive" of honeycreepers.

• Summer Tanager
• Scarlet Tanager
• Hepatic Tanager

Finches (Fringillidae)

ORDER

Also known as perching birds, the order PASSERIFORMES (pronounced pas-ser-i-FOR-meez) is composed of one hundred and eighteen families of birds, among which are included the insectivorous warblers and the seed-eating finches.

FAMILY TAXONOMY

The Fringillidae (pronounced frin-JIHL-lih-dee) is a widespread bird family found on most continents and includes two hundred and seven species of finches in thirty-nine genera.

NORTH AMERICA

Eighty-nine species of finches in twenty-nine genera have occurred in North America and Hawaii. These include familiar feeder visitors such as goldfinches and siskins, the nomadic rosy-finches of the high mountains, and a group with several extinct species; the Hawaiian Honeycreepers.

KNOWN FOR

Finches are known for their seed-eating behavior and cheery songs; characteristics that facilitated and popularized the domestication of the Island Canary. Finches such as White-winged Crossbills are also known for their "irruptive" migrations in search of food sources that can make them locally common one winter and absent the next.

PHYSICAL

Finches are primarily small birds with stout, short bills adapted to cracking open seeds and have short legs for a mostly arboreal lifestyle. Most species also have slightly forked tails and long wings, both useful for the large amount of flying needed to find seeding plants. Although some Hawaiian Honeycreepers share this general structure, others evolved a variety of bill shapes related to the habitat niches they occupy.

COLORATION

North American finches are generally plumaged in shades of red, yellow, brown and dull green - these colors being more vivid in the case of the Hawaiian Honeycreepers. Male finches are more brightly colored than females, the yellow and black plumage of male goldfinches being especially striking.

GEOGRAPHIC HABITAT

Finches in North America occupy forest and non-forest habitats, coniferous forests being favored by most species while native Hawaiian forests are necessary for the survival of the Hawaiian Honeycreepers. The non-forest niche is filled by goldfinches (birds of weedy fields and desert), the House Finch (a desert species that has become adapted to urban environments) and the rosy-finches of alpine snow fields and tundra.

MIGRATION

Most finches are adapted to cold weather and only migrate when seed crops on their breeding grounds become scarce. Rosy-finches practice "vertical migration," moving to nearby lower elevations with better supplies of food during the winter.

HABITS

Members of the finch family are very social birds typically found in flocks outside of the breeding season. Although the rosy-finches take much insect prey on the ground and some Hawaiian Honeycreepers eat nectar, most finches forage for seeds in trees and bushes.

CONSERVATION

While finches in the United States and Canada are doing quite well, most Hawaiian Honeycreeper species are highly endangered with many having already gone extinct and others in decline because of their high susceptibility to introduced diseases such as avian malaria and changes to the native forests they inhabit.

INTERESTING FACTS

The aptly named crossbills have curious curved bills with crossed tips. Although it looks more like a bill deformity than a useful tool, this specialized bill shape is perfect for extracting seeds from pine cones. Males of the House, Cassin's, and Purple Finch species can sometimes develop yellow or orange rather than red plumage depending upon the amount of carotenoids present in their food sources.

Author

Crystal Adams

Artist

Yury Lisyak