Overview
Song Sparrow: Medium sparrow, heavily streaked gray-brown upperparts. Dull white underparts have dark central breast spot, thick streaks. Head has brown crown, paler median stripe, pale gray eyebrow, white chin, dark brown moustache stripe. Rust-brown wings. Tail is long, usually tinged rust-brown.
Range and Habitat
Song Sparrow: Breeds from the Aleutians and mainland Alaska east to Newfoundland and south to California, New Mexico, and northern Georgia. Spends winters from southern Canada throughout the U.S. to the Gulf Coast and Mexico. Preferred habitats include forest edges, thickets, and marshes with open grassy feeding areas; also found in undergrowth in gardens and city parks.
New World Sparrows and Towhees (Passerellidae)
ORDER
Most of the small birds such as the finches, wood-warblers, and sparrows are members of the one hundred and forty-two families found in the largest taxonomic order of birds; the PASSERIFORMES (pronounced pas-ser-i-FOR-meez).
FAMILY TAXONOMY
The New World Sparrows and related birds are placed in the passerellidae (pronounced pass-ur-EL-ih-dee), a group of one hundred and thirty species in twenty-six genera only found in the New World.
NORTH AMERICA
Eighty-two species of New World Sparrows and Towhees in twenty-six genera are found in North America.
KNOWN FOR
Members of this family are known for their terrestrial behavior, cheery songs, and in the case of sparrows, challenges to their identification due to similarities in appearance of several species. Dark-eyed Juncos and various other species are also well known visitors to feeders during the winter months.
PHYSICAL
Members of the passerellidae are small, plump birds with short, finch-like bills adapted to cracking open seeds. Their wings are generally short and their tails and legs average in length.
COLORATION
In general, bright colors are not a hallmark of this family although some species do show patches of bright orange and red-brown. Brown, white, and gray plumages with streaked and spotted patterns are commonplace for the primarily dull colored sparrows. However there are exceptions, such as the boldly patterned plumages of black, white, and tan plumages displayed by the juncos, and the vibrant black and burnt orange of the towhees.
GEOGRAPHIC HABITAT
At least one species of passerellidae can be found in most every habitat in North America. Most species are birds of weedy fields, scrub, second growth, and non-forest habitats such as desert, grassland, and marsh. The few species adapted to woodlands frequent the thick undergrowth at forest openings and edges.
MIGRATION
Like other short distance migrants, most members of this family migrate later in fall, earlier in spring, and often show up at feeders during the winter. Some species, such as the Fox Sparrow, practice "leap frog" migration with more northerly populations migrating further south in the winter.
HABITS
Outside of the breeding season, sparrows and other members of this family flock together for protection from predators. All are generally terrestrial birds that forage on the ground for seeds and arthropods.
CONSERVATION
Members of this family are for the most part common birds with plenty of available habitat. Passerellidae species that have declined and are endangered in many parts of their range are those that require grasslands, such as the Grasshopper and Henslow's Sparrows, and one species, the Bachman's Sparrow, which requires open pine forests with a grassy understory.
INTERESTING FACTS
The Worthen's Sparrow is an enigmatic species historically recorded in the southwestern United States. Rare, little known, and difficult to find in its known Mexican range, this species may be more adapted to grassland habitats that have disappeared or been drastically altered since European settlement. One of the most commonly seen sparrows in the United States, the House Sparrow, is not a member of this family and, as an imported species, is actually more closely related to African weaver finches and European sparrows than North American sparrows.